[Deutsche Übersetzungen in eckigen Klammern - keine Gewähr, daß alles richtig Übersetzt ist! Vieles ist Vermutung.]

 

DYING, in all its Varieties.

MORDANTS.
The principal mordants are alum [Alaun], cubic-alum, acetate of alumina, protochloride of tin, bichloride of tin [wohl Zinn-(II)-dihydrochlorid], sulphate of iron [Eisensulfat], acetate of iron, tannin, stannate of soda [irgendwas mit Natrium und Zinn].

DYE-STUFFS.
The materials used in dyeing are numerous; the following are the most important: Madder [Krapp], indigo, logwood [Blauholz?], quercitron, or oak-bark [Eichenrinde], Brazil wood [Rotholz], sumach, galls [Galläpfel], weld, annato, turmeric [Gelbwurz], alkanet [Alkanna?], red launders, litmus or archil, cudbear, cochineal [Cochenille], lac; and the following mineral substances: ferrocyanide of potassium, bichromate of potash, cream of tartar, lime-water, and verdigris.

[...]

Other Materials.
A bath of cow's dung is used after mordanting vegetable fibres, to remove the excess of mordant. A solution of silicate of soda [wahrscheinlich Natronwasserglas] has been lately used as a substitute.

[...]

Silicate of Soda, as a Means of Fixing Mordants.
The use of silicate of soda in calico printing has the advantage of rendering the colors deeper than when the dung-bath alone is used. In reference to the action of this salt, it is worthy of remark that alkaline silicates exist in cow-dung, which according to Rogers, contains 17.5 per cent. of solid substance, 15 per cent. of this ash; so that the fresh dung contains 2.6 per cent. of ash, and the ash contains 62.5 per cent. of silica. A large portion of this silica is in the insoluble condition, but the quantity of soluble silica is not inconsiderable. The soluble portion of the ash amounts to 38 per cent., and of this 12 per. cent. is silica, and 10 per cent. potash and soda. There is, therefore, reason for regarding silicate of soda as the efficient ingredient of cow-dung.

Alum.
Used as mordant for silk and wool, is then dissolved in water. If it contains iron, reds will be injured. It is a sulphate of alumina combined with sulphate of potassa or ammonia. The alumina is the active mordant. Ammonia alum may be distinguished from potash alum by adding a little caustic potash to the powder; if ammonia exist it will be given off, and may be easily recognized by its pungent smell.

[...]

Bichloride of Tin (Salt of Tin, Nitromuriate of Tin).
Take 4 lbs. of commercial nitric acid, 1/2 lb. sal ammoniac; put it in a stone vessel, and add 1/2 lb. of pure granulated tin, or dissolve granulated tin in a mixture of 2 parts muriatic to 1 of nitric acid as long as any is taken up.

[...]

 

To Determine the Effects of Various Salts or Mordants on Colors.
The Dye of Madder,
For a madder red on woolens, the best quantity of madder is 1/2 of the weight of the woollens that are to be dyed, the best proportion of salts to be used, is 5 parts of alum and 1 of red tartar, for 16 parts of the stuff.

A variation in the proportions of the salts, wholly alters the color that the madder naturally gives. If the alum is lessened, and the tartar increased, the dye proves a red cinnamon. If the alum be entirely omitted, the red wholly disappears, and a durable tawny cinnamon is produced.

If woollens are boiled in weak pearlash and water, the greater part of the color is destroyed. A solution of soap discharges part of the color, and leaves the remaining more beautiful.

Volatile alkalies heighten the red color of the madder, but they make the dye fugitive.